Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that causes the skin to lose its pigment. It occurs when your body’s melanocyte cells stop producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin and hair its color. This causes white patches (macules) to develop, usually on the face, neck, back of the hands, torso, scalp, or the tissue that lines the inside of your mouth and nose.
While the exact cause of vitiligo isn’t known, research shows that genetics can increase your chances of developing it – about 20% of individuals diagnosed with vitiligo have a family history of the condition. It can also be worsened by skin trauma (such as a sunburn or exposure to harsh chemicals) or severe emotional stress, which can make melanocytes more fragile.
There are various types of vitiligo that affect different parts of the body. These include:
- Generalized vitiligo: Also known as non-segmental vitiligo, this type of vitiligo causes small patches of discoloration on various parts of the body. These patches usually occur in the same area on either side of the body; for instance, you may have symmetrical macules of discoloration on either hand.
- Segmental vitiligo: Discoloration appears only on one side or area of the body, and may spread quickly at first.
- Focal vitiligo: A small patch of discoloration occurs in a single area of the body and does not spread.
- Mucosal vitiligo: Discoloration appears in the mouth and nose's mucous membrane (tissue lining).
- Universal vitiligo: Rarer than the other forms, universal vitiligo occurs when 80% or more of the body’s skin has become discolored.
Vitiligo itself is not painful or uncomfortable. However, skin that has lost pigmentation can be more prone to sunburns. Individuals with vitiligo may also experience eye problems or autoimmune disorders.
Vitiligo affects about 1% of the world’s population. Discoloration usually begins to occur in childhood or young adulthood and progresses throughout life. There is no cure for vitiligo. However, cosmetic therapies exist to create a more even skin tone.