Prescription medication, known as alpha-blockers, relax muscles in the ureters, making it easier for stones to pass. Because passing stones can be painful, it is recommended that you supplement alpha-blockers with over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen.

To prevent further stone formation, a diuretic may be prescribed to prevent calcium buildup in the urine, usually along with a form of potassium citrate (oral supplements that lower the acidity of urine). If you have been diagnosed with uric acid stones, your doctor may prescribe allopurinol (Zyloprim) to prevent uric acid levels from rising in the urine.

Shock wave lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a fancy term that basically describes the use of sound waves to break the stones in kidneys into small pieces. Smaller pieces are easier to pass and will cause less pain while doing so. ESWL only takes about 1 hour but will cause moderate pain. Because of this, you will be given anesthesia to help reduce discomfort. ESWL is often done as an outpatient procedure at a urology clinic, meaning you can go home after the procedure. You may experience some bruising on the back or abdomen, as well as some blood in the urine. These side effects are common, and it should be noted that ESWL is considered a very safe and effective form of treatment for kidney stones. Side effects will wear off in a few days and can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

PCNL is a surgical procedure that is used to remove large kidney stones. You will be given general anesthesia as a sedative, as doctors remove stones from a small cut in the back or side. A scope is inserted into the incision in the back, and suction breaks up and removes the small pieces of stone in the kidney. You will have to remain in the hospital or clinic for a day or two after this procedure to recover and should allow a week or two before you resume your normal activities.

Ureteroscopy

After receiving general anesthesia, a tiny scope (the ureteroscope) will be inserted through the urethra and into the kidney. The scope will show where small stones are in the urinary system, and special tools (sort of like a little basket) will be used to remove them. Ureteroscopy is usually done as an outpatient procedure at a urology clinic. You can usually go home the day of, and resume normal activities within a day or two of the procedure.