Gestational diabetes (GD) is a form of diabetes that appears in pregnant women. Your body’s response to hormone changes (specifically insulin) during pregnancy can affect your body’s ability to control blood sugar levels, which can make blood sugar rise. This may result in gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes commonly appears in the middle of pregnancy, usually around weeks 24-28. However, women who are at higher risk of GD should be screened earlier in pregnancy.
In most women, gestational diabetes results in unnoticeable or relatively mild symptoms.
Between 2-10% of women are diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy. While there is no singular cause of the condition, there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes.
Risk factors for gestational diabetes include:
Age (women over the age of 25 are more likely to develop gestational diabetes)
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Obesity
Prediabetes or personal history of GD
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Previous birth of a baby weighing more than 9 lbs
Race: Women of African, Asian, Hispanic, Native American or Pacific Island descent are more likely to develop gestational diabetes
Even though the symptoms of GD are mild, the condition can lead to serious complications for your baby and you, if left untreated.
GD can lead to complications such as:
Excessive birth weight
Cesarean birth (C-section)
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in the baby
Preterm birth
Obesity
Pre-eclampsia: Characterized as high blood pressure (gestational HTN) and internal organ damage in the mother during pregnancy
Future diagnosis of diabetes in the child and mother
Stillbirth
Even though it can lead to serious complications, GD can be effectively treated through blood sugar monitoring, medication, and lifestyle changes. If you are experiencing a sudden onset of the symptoms listed above, talk to your doctor about a screening test for gestational diabetes.
Treatment Options
Below are common treatment options for GD. During your appointment, talk to your doctor about the treatment plan that’s right for you.
If you are diagnosed with GD, you must monitor your blood sugar levels. To do this, your health care provider will prescribe you a glucose monitor. You may need to check your blood sugar levels anywhere from 2-4 times a day.
10-20% of women require insulin supplementation during their pregnancy to maintain blood sugar levels. This is often administered as a subcutaneous injection. Talk to your provider about the different types of insulin administration, and what treatment is best for you.
Eating a clean and healthy diet can help manage GD and prevent complications such as type 2 diabetes in the future. To do this, make sure that you are getting a balance of vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats with fruits on occasion. Eat regular healthy meals to prevent your blood sugar from spiking, and try to eat around the same time every day. Additionally, cut out junk food, highly processed foods, and sugary food. Not only are these foods bad for your general health, but they can worsen GD and increase your risk of type 2 diabetes in the future.
Talk to your doctor, or work with a licensed physical therapist, to create an exercise program that is safe for you. Regular exercise can control blood sugar levels and help general wellness during pregnancy. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day. Walking, stationary biking, and swimming are healthy, low-impact activities that can help improve your health and manage gestational diabetes during pregnancy.