Blood sugar, or glucose, is a primary energy source for our bodies. Understanding what normal blood sugar levels are, how to identify irregularities, and when to see a doctor can play a vital role in diabetes care and maintaining overall wellness.

In this blog post, we’ll do a deeper dive into what blood sugar is, what normal blood sugar levels look like, and how to identify signs of abnormal blood sugar levels.

What is blood glucose (sugar)?

Blood glucose, often simply referred to as blood sugar, is a term for the sugar that the bloodstream carries to all cells in the body. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body's cells, and it’s primarily derived from the foods we eat (particularly carbohydrates) which are then broken down during digestion into smaller sugar molecules like glucose. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, glucose can be utilized by cells for energy or stored in the liver and muscles for future use.

The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps cells to absorb glucose and ensures that blood glucose levels remain balanced and within a healthy range. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health and bodily functions.

Blood sugar, diabetes, and your body

When the body doesn't have enough insulin, or if cells become insulin resistant, blood glucose levels can rise. This is generally an indication of diabetes, a health condition where the amount of glucose in the blood becomes too high because the cells in the body can’t effectively process it or use it.

Two primary types of diabetes exist: type 1 diabetes, where the body doesn't produce any insulin, and type 2 diabetes, where the body doesn't produce enough insulin or the cells don't react to it. Type 1 diabetes only affects about 5-10% of people with diabetes, and is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body accidentally destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Type 2 diabetes affects about 90-95% of the diabetic population, and is more likely to be a result of both genetics and lifestyle factors such as poor diet or lack of physical activity.

Aside from type 1 and type 2 diabetes, some women develop a condition called gestational diabetes, which specifically occurs during pregnancy and can affect both mother and baby.

Regardless of the diabetes type, abnormal blood sugar levels are extremely dangerous if left unmanaged. High blood glucose, also known as hyperglycemia, is a result of insufficient amounts of insulin within the body and can lead to complications like heart disease, kidney disease, and even heart attacks. Low blood glucose, also known as hypoglycemia, is a result of too much insulin within the body (this is usually due to blood sugar-lowering medication) and can result in seizures, a coma, or death. This is why it’s important to understand what constitutes normal blood sugar levels, and how to maintain them.

Understanding the range for normal blood sugar levels

Understanding what constitutes normal blood sugar levels is crucial for maintaining optimal health. Levels naturally fluctuate throughout the day based on factors like meals, physical activity and stress, so health professionals typically use certain benchmarks to define "normal" ranges.

For instance, after fasting for at least 8 hours, a normal blood sugar reading is usually below 100 mg/dL. About two hours post-meal, levels should be less than 140 mg/dL. However, these numbers can vary slightly depending on the source and individual factors.

The American Diabetes Association and other health organizations offer guidelines and charts to help people discern whether their blood glucose levels fall within a healthy range. Regular monitoring and check-ups with a healthcare provider can also assist individuals in understanding and managing their blood sugar levels effectively.

How to spot signs of high blood sugar

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) occurs when the body has an excess amount of glucose in the bloodstream. This can result from factors like consuming a diet high in carbohydrates, insufficient insulin production or effectiveness, or stress. Recognizing the signs of high blood sugar is crucial, as prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications, including damage to vital organs. Being aware of these symptoms enables individuals to take appropriate action and seek medical advice when necessary. Common signs of high blood sugar include:

• Frequent urination: An increased need to visit the restroom.
  
• Excessive thirst: Feeling parched even after drinking ample water.
  
• Blurred vision: Visual clarity may diminish, making things appear fuzzy.
  
• Fatigue: Feeling constantly tired or lacking energy.
  
• Dry mouth and dry skin: The skin might feel rough, and the mouth may feel constantly dry.
  
• Unintended weight loss: Losing weight without making efforts to do so.
  
• Slow-healing sores or cuts: Wounds taking longer than usual to heal.
  
• Frequent infections: Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections.
  
• Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet: A sensation similar to "pins and needles."
  
• Increased hunger: Feeling constantly hungry despite recent meals.
  
  
  If someone shows signs of persistent high blood sugar, they should consult a healthcare professional to discuss potential causes, implications and necessary interventions.
  
  

How to spot signs of low blood sugar

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can arise from various causes, including missing meals, taking too much diabetes medication, or increased physical activity. Recognizing the signs of low blood sugar is essential because, if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications. Symptoms can manifest suddenly and may vary from person to person. Being vigilant about these signs can help in addressing hypoglycemia promptly and effectively. Signs of low blood sugar include:

• Trembling or shakiness: Often one of the first noticeable signs.
  
• Sweating: Especially if it's not related to heat or physical exertion.
  
• Dizziness or lightheadedness: May feel like you're about to faint.
  
• Sudden mood changes: Such as irritability or nervousness.
  
• Fast heartbeat or palpitations: A feeling that your heart is racing.
  
• Blurred vision: Things might seem out of focus.
  
• Sudden hunger: An intense and sudden need to eat.
  
• Weakness or fatigue: Feeling drained or worn out without a clear cause.
  
• Difficulty concentrating: Challenges in focusing on tasks or conversations.
  
• Confusion: More severe hypoglycemia can lead to disorientation or the inability to think clearly.
  
  
  If you or someone you know is showing these symptoms, it's crucial to address the situation immediately, usually by consuming a quick source of glucose and then seeking medical guidance.
  
  

How to test blood sugar levels

While it’s important to recognize the signs and symptoms of abnormal blood sugar levels, the best way to get answers about your blood glucose is to test it! Blood sugar testing can be done via blood tests, a test strip and glucose meter, or through continuous glucose monitors (CGM).

For individuals with risk factors like obesity, family history, or certain medical conditions, regular testing is especially crucial. The CDC recommends a blood sugar test for adults starting at age 45, with retests every three years. The most common testing options include:

• A1C test: An A1C test, also known as the HbA1c or glycated hemoglobin test, is a blood test that provides information about a person's average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months.This type of test offers a longer-term view of blood sugar management compared to daily blood glucose tests.
  
• Fasting Blood Sugar Test: A fasting blood sugar test measures the glucose levels in the bloodstream after an individual has refrained from eating or drinking anything other than water for a specified period, typically 8-12 hours. It's a common test used to diagnose diabetes or assess how well someone's diabetes is being managed. A normal fasting blood sugar level is typically below 100 mg/dL. Levels between 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL suggest prediabetes, while readings of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests indicate diabetes.
  
• Glucose Tolerance Test: A glucose tolerance test (often referred to as an oral glucose tolerance test or OGTT) is a diagnostic procedure used to assess how the body processes glucose. The test involves fasting overnight and then drinking a sugary solution containing a specific amount of glucose. Blood samples are taken before drinking the solution and at intervals afterward, typically over a span of two to three hours. The test measures how efficiently the body clears glucose from the bloodstream over time. It's commonly used to diagnose conditions like diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes in pregnant women.
  
• Random Blood Sugar Test: Unlike the fasting blood sugar test, which requires a set period of fasting, the random blood sugar test can be taken at any point during the day regardless of when the individual last ate or drank, making it convenient for both the patient and the healthcare provider. It's useful for quickly assessing blood sugar levels, especially if a person is experiencing symptoms of high or low blood sugar. If the test result is 200 mg/dL or higher, it might indicate diabetes, but a definitive diagnosis typically requires additional testing, given that various factors throughout the day can influence blood sugar levels.
  
  

When to see a doctor about blood sugar levels

If you're experiencing symptoms of abnormal blood sugar levels or test results outside the normal range, you should consult your healthcare provider immediately, as these can indicate signs of life-threatening conditions. However, if you have risk factors for diabetes or wish to consult a healthcare professional regarding your diabetes, you can schedule a convenient and affordable online diabetes appointment in minutes through Sesame.

Your provider can offer guidance on lifestyle changes, meal plans and assist with treatment plans for diabetes management. Remember, early detection and treatment can prevent complications like cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure and more. Having a holistic understanding of blood sugar levels and staying informed about changes can aid in ensuring a longer, healthier life.

Sources:

• American Diabetes Association (n.d.). Understanding Carbs. diabetes.org
  
• American Diabetes Association (n.d.). The Big Picture: Checking Your Glucose. diabetes.org
  

Sesame content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you have a medical concern, it is critical to seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions. If you are facing a medical emergency, call 911 or visit the nearest emergency room immediately.

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